631.3.004.67

air pollution, combustion engines, air filter, separation efficiency, dust absorption, filtration accuracy, pressure drop.

The basic method of protecting the engine against the destructive effects of mineral dust sucked in with the air intake to the engine are air filters. Passenger cars will be equipped with single-stage filters with a filter insert (porous partition) in the form of a panel made of pleated filter paper. Filter papers show insufficient filtration accuracy of dust grains below 5 µm. The principles of shaping traditional filter partitions made of pleated filter paper and the principles of selecting a filter insert for a car engine using the criterion of permissible filtration speed are presented. The principle of operation and construction as well as the properties of filters with axial air flow, which are made in the modern PowerCore technology, are shown, which reduces the filter dimensions, at the same time resulting in lower pressure drop and greater dust absorption, and therefore a longer period of operation. The article pays special attention to the properties of nanofibers, which are produced from polymers using the «electrospinning» technology, and their filtration properties enable the improvement of the efficiency and accuracy of engine intake air filtration. The results of experimental tests of the efficiency and accuracy of filtration and pressure drop performed for several filter beds differing in structure parameters are presented. It has been shown that the nanofiber layer significantly increases the efficiency and accuracy of filtration of dust grains below 5 µm. Low filtration parameters of the filter beds in the initial filtration period have been demonstrated, which negatively affects engine wear.

1. Bojdo N., Filippone A. Effect of desert particulate composition on helicopter engine degradation rate, 40^th European Rotorcraft Forum, Southampton, Conference Paper. September 2014.
2. Smialek J. L., Archer F. A., Garlick R. G. Turbine Airfoil Degradation in the Persian Gulf War. The Journal of The Minerals. Metals & Materials Society (TMS) 1994, 46 (12), pp. 39–41.
3. Thomas G. E., Culbert R. M. Ingested Dust, Filters, and Diesel Engine Ring Wear. Society Of Automotive Engineers, Inc. West Coast Meeting San Francisco, Calif. August 12–15, 1968.
4. Wei-Han Su. Dust and atmospheric aerosol. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 1996, 16, pp. 1–14.
5. Juda J., Nowicki M. Urządzenia odpylające. PWN: Warszawa, 1986. (In Polish).
6. Dziubak T. Experimental Investigation of Possibilities to Improve Filtration Efficiency of Tangential Inlet Return Cyclones by Modification of Their Design. Energies 2022, 15, 3871.
7. Dzierżanowski P., Kordziński W., Otyś J., Szczeciński S., Wiatrek R. Napędy Lotnicze. Turbinowe silniki śmigłowe i śmigłowcowe; WKŁ:Warszawa, Poland, 1985. (In Polish)
8. Schaeffer J. W., Olson L. M. Air Filtration Media for Transportation Applications. Filtr. Sep. 1998, 35, pp. 124–129.
9. Jaroszczyk T., Pardue B. A., Heckel S. P., Kallsen K. J. Engine air cleaner filtration performance –Theoretical and experimental background of testing. In Proceedings of the AFS Fourteenth Annual Technical Conference and 10. Exposition, Tampa, FL, USA, 1 May 2001.
10. Barbolini M., Di Pauli F., Traina M. Simulation der luftfiltration zur auslegung von filterelementen. MTZ – Motortechnische Zeitschrift, 2014, 5, pp. 52–57.
11. Barris M. A. Total Filtration™: The Influence of Filter Selection on Engine Wear, Emissions, and Performance. SAE Technical Paper 952557. Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition Toronto: Toronto, ON, Canada, Ontario, October 16–19, 1995.
12. Jaroszczyk T., Fallon S. L., Liu Z. G., Heckel S. P. Development of a Method to Measure Engine Air Cleaner Fractional Efficiency. SAE Trans, 1999, 108, pp. 9–18.
13. Alfadhli A., Alazemi A., Khorshid E. Numerical minimisation of abrasive-dust wear in internal combustion engines. International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, 2020, 14 (1), pp. 68–88.
14. Bojdo N., Filippone A. Effect of desert particulate composition on helicopter engine degradation rate, 40^th European Rotorcraft Forum, Southampton, Conference Paper. September 2014.
15. Long J., Tang M., Sun Z., Liang Y., Hu J. Dust Loading Performance of a Novel Submicro-Fiber Composite Filter Medium for Engine. Materials 2018. 11 (10). 2038.
16. Nagy J. Filtration and engine life. Combust. Engines, 1973, 3, pp. 43–47.
17. Wróblewski P., Koszalka G. An Experimental Study on Frictional Losses of Coated Piston Rings with Symmetric and Asymmetric Geometry. SAE Int. J. Engines, 2021, 14, pp. 853–866.
18. Dziubak T., Dziubak S. D. A Study on the Effect of Inlet Air Pollution on the Engine Component Wear and Operation. Energies 2022, 15, 1182.
19. Woś P., Michalski J. Effect of Initial Cylinder Liner Honing Surface Roughness on Aircraft Piston Engine Performances. Tribology Letters, 2011, 41 (3), pp. 555–567, doi:10.1007/s11249-010-9733-y.
20. Koszałka G., Suchecki A. Changes in performance and wear of small diesel engine during durability test // Combustion Engines 2015, 162 (3), pp. 34–40.
21. Wróblewski P., Rogólski R. Experimental Analysis of the Influence of the Application of TiN, TiAlN, CrN and DLC1 Coatings on the Friction Losses in an Aviation Internal Combustion Engine Intended for the Propulsion of Ultralight Aircraft. Materials 2021, 14, 6839.
22. Wróblewski P. Effect of asymmetric elliptical shapes of the sealing ring sliding surface on the main parameters of the oil film. Combustion Engines. 2017, 168 (1), pp. 84–93, doi: 10.19206/CE-2017-114.
23. Dziubak T. Experimental Studies of Dust Suction Irregularity from Multi-Cyclone Dust Collector of Two-Stage Air Filter. Energies 2021, 14 (12), 3577.
24. Rieger M., Hettkamp P., Löhl T., Madeira P. M. P. Effcient engine air filter for tight installation spaces. ATZ Heavy Duty Worldw, 2019, 02.
25. Dziubak T. Filtracja powietrza wlotowego do silników spalinowych pojazdów mechanicznych. WAT Warszawa 2012. (In Polish).
26. Filtracja i filtry w pojazdach. AUTO-Technika Motoryzacyjna, nr 4, 1998. (In Polish).
27. Motyliński S. Poradnik mechanika samochodowego. PWT, Warszawa 1955. (in Polish).
28. Kordziński C., Środulski T. Układy dolotowe silników spalinowych. WKiŁ, Warszawa 1968. (In Polish).
29. Enderich A., Handel R. Mündungsschallprognose mit der Finiten Elemente Methode. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift 60 1999, 1.
30. Fleck S., Heim M., Beck A., Moser N., Durst M. Realitätsnahe Prüfung von Motoransaugluftfiltern. MTZ 2009, Jahrgang 70.
31. Materiały informacyjne firmy WIX Filtron. Gostyń 2012.
32. Dziubak T. Analiza procesu filtracji powietrza wlotowego do silników pojazdów specjalnych. WAT Warszawa 2008.
33. Dziubak T, Dziubak S. D. Experimental Study of Filtration Materials Used in the Car Air Intake. Materials 2020, 13 (16), 3498.
34. Dziubak T., Szwedkowicz S. Operating properties of non-woven fabric panel filters for internal combustion engine inlet air in single and two-stage filtration systems. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability 2015, 17 (4), pp. 519–527. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.17531/ ein.2015.4.6.
35. Teng G., Shi G., Zhu J., Qi J. (2023) A numerical simulation method for pressure drop and normal air velocity of pleated filters during dust loading. PLoS ONE 18 (2): e0282026.
36. Jung S., Jooyoun Kim J. Advanced Design of Fiber-Based Particulate Filters: Materials, Morphology, and Construction of Fibrous Assembly. Polymers 2020, 12, 1714, doi:10.3390/polym12081714.
37. Zhu M., et al. Electrospun Nanofibers Membranes for Effective Air Filtration. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2017, 302, 1600353.
38. Bai H., et al. Theoretical Model of Single Fiber Efficiency and the Effect of Microstructure on Fibrous Filtration Performance: A Review. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, 2021, 60, pp. 3–36.
39. Ardkapan S. R., Johnson M. S., Yazdi S., Afshari A., Bergsøe N. C. Filtration E_ciency of an Electrostatic Fibrous Filter: Studying Filtration Dependency on Ultrafine Particle Exposure and Composition. J. Aerosol Sci, 2014, 72, pp. 14–20.
40. Trautmann P. Durst M., Pelz A., Moser N. High Performance Nanofibre Coated Filter Media for Engine Intake Air Filtration. AFS 2005 Conference and Expo, April 10–13, 2005.
41. Bugli N. Automotive Engine Air Cleaners - Performance Trends. SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-1356.
42. Durst M., Klein G., Moser N. Filtration in Fahrzeugen, Mann+Hummel GMBH, Ludwigsburg, Germany 2005.
43. Erdmannsdörfer H. Lesttingmoglichkeiten von Papierfiltern zur Reinigung der Ansaugluft von Diselmotoren. MTZ 1971, 32, pp. 123–131.
44. Taufkirch G., Mayr G. Papierluftfilter für Motoren in Nutzfahrzeugen. MTZ 1984, 45 (3), pp. 95–105.
45. Gao J., et al. The Relationship between the Resistance Characteristics and Structural Parameters of the Elongated Filter Cartridge in the Dust Collector. Energy and Built Environment. Available online 1 April 2024.
46. Allam S., Elsaid A. M. Parametric study on vehicle fuel economy and optimization criteria of the pleated air filter designs to improve the performance of an I.C diesel engine: Experimental and CFD approaches. Separation and Purification Technology 2020,. 241, 116680.
47. Shi B., Yu X., Pu Y., Wang D. A theoretical study on the filtration efficiency and dust holding performance of pleated air filters. Heliyon 2023, 9, 7944. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17944.
48. Maddinenia A. K., Dasa D., Damodaran R. M. Numerical investigation of pressure and flow characteristics of pleated air filter system for automotive engine intake application. Separation and Purification Technology 2019, 212, pp. 126–134.
49. Kang S., Bock N., Swanson J., Pui D. Y. H. Characterization of pleated filter media using particle image velocimetry. Sep Purif Technol, 2020, 237, 116333.
50. Saleh A. M., Fotovati S., Vahedi Tafreshi H., Pourdeyhimi B. Modeling service life of pleated filters exposed to poly-dispersed aerosols. Powder Technol, 2014, 266, pp. 79–89.
51. Genuine PowerCore® Air Filter Technology. Available at https://www.donaldson.com/content/dam/ donaldson/engine-hydraulics-bulk/literature/north-america/air/f111632-eng/Genuine-PowerCore.pdf (accessed: 23 September 2024).
52. PowerCore®. Available at https://www.donaldson.com/pl-pl/engine/filters/products/air-intake/replacement-filters/powercore-filters/ (accessed: 23 September 2024).
53. Engine Air Filtration for Light, Medium, & Heavy Dust Conditions. Available at: https://www. donaldson.com/content/dam/donaldson/engine-hydraulics-bulk/catalogs/air-intake/north-america/F11002 7-ENG/Air-Intake-Systems-Product-Guide.pdf (accessed: 17 September 2022).
54. PowerCore® G2 and Ultra-Web® Filtration Technology. Available at: https://www.donaldsonaerospace-defense.com/library/files/documents/pdfs/059806.pdf (accessed: 23 September 2024).
55. PowerCore® G2 Filtration Technology for Engine Air Intake Systems. Available at: https://www. donaldson. com/content/dam/donaldson/engine-hydraulics-bulk/catalogs/air-intake/emea/f116005/Air-Intake-Product-Guide.pdf (accessed: 23 September 2024).
56. Fleetguard Direct Flow™. Available at: https://boschrexroth.africa/public/front_end/pdfs/products/d8743 1247a985c8500a37deb4796d719.pdf (accessed: 23 September 2024).
57. Mann+Hummel PicoFlex® The New Compact Air Cleaner for Highest Requirements. Available at: http://www.airnowsupply.com/BACKUP/catalogs/M+H%20PICOFLEX%20BROCHURE.PDF (accessed: 23 September 2024).
58. Baldwin’s Channel Flow Air Filters. Available at: https://www.baldwinfiltersrus.com/media/baldwin-filters-pdf/channel.pdf (accessed: 23 September 2024).
59. Nanofibres are nanoscale materials. Available at: https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1675-nanofibres-are-nanoscale-materials (accessed: 23 September 2024).
60. Graham K., Ouyang M., Raether T., Grafe T., Mc Donald B., Knauf P. Polymeric Nanofibers in Air Filtration Applications, 5^th Annual Technical Conference & Expo of the American Filtration & Separations Society, Galveston, Texas, April 9–12, 2002.
61. Kattamuri S. B., Potti L., Vinukonda A., Bandi V., Chagantipati S., Mogili R. K. Nanofibers In Pharmaceuticals – A Review. American Journal of PharmTech Research 2012, 2 (6). Available at: http://www.ajptr.com/.
62. Liu Y., et al. Mass Production of Hierarchically Designed Engine-Intake Air Filters by Multinozzle Electroblow Spinning. Nano Letters 2022, 22 (11), рр. 4354–4361.
63. Sanyal A., Sinha-Ray S. Ultrafine PVDF Nanofibers for Filtration of Air-Borne Particulate Matters: A Comprehensive Review. Polymers 2021, 13, 1864.
64. Ji X., Huang J., Teng L., Li S., Li X., Cai W., Chen Z., Lai Y. Advances in particulate matter filtration: Materials, performance, and application. Green Energy & Environment 2023, 8, рр. 673–697.
65. Borojeni I. A., Gajewski G., Riahi R. A. Application of Electrospun Nonwoven Fibers in Air Filters. Fibers 2022, 10, 15. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10020015.
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68. Grafe T., Gogins M., Barris M., Schaefer J., Canepa R. Nanofibers in Filtration Applications in Transportation, Filtration 2001 International Conference and Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, December 3–5, 2001.
69. Heikkilä P., Sipilä A., Peltola M., Harlin A. Electrospun PA-66 Coating on Textile Surfaces. Textile Research Journal 2007, 77 (11), pp. 864–870. 10.1177/0040517507078241.
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71. Sun Z., Liang Y., He W., Jiang F., Song Q., Tanga M., Wang J. Filtration performance and loading capacity of nano-structured composite filter media for applications with high soot concentrations. Separation and Purification Technology 2019, 221, pp. 175–182.

1. Bojdo N., Filippone A. Effect of desert particulate composition on helicopter engine degradation rate, 40^th European Rotorcraft Forum, Southampton, Conference Paper. September 2014.
2. Smialek J. L., Archer F. A., Garlick R. G. Turbine Airfoil Degradation in the Persian Gulf War. The Journal of The Minerals. Metals & Materials Society (TMS) 1994, 46 (12), pp. 39–41.
3. Thomas G. E., Culbert R. M. Ingested Dust, Filters, and Diesel Engine Ring Wear. Society Of Automotive Engineers, Inc. West Coast Meeting San Francisco, Calif. August 12–15, 1968.
4. Wei-Han Su. Dust and atmospheric aerosol. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 1996, 16, pp. 1–14.
5. Juda J., Nowicki M. Urządzenia odpylające. PWN: Warszawa, 1986. (In Polish).
6. Dziubak T. Experimental Investigation of Possibilities to Improve Filtration Efficiency of Tangential Inlet Return Cyclones by Modification of Their Design. Energies 2022, 15, 3871.
7. Dzierżanowski P., Kordziński W., Otyś J., Szczeciński S., Wiatrek R. Napędy Lotnicze. Turbinowe silniki śmigłowe i śmigłowcowe; WKŁ:Warszawa, Poland, 1985. (In Polish)
8. Schaeffer J. W., Olson L. M. Air Filtration Media for Transportation Applications. Filtr. Sep. 1998, 35, pp. 124–129.
9. Jaroszczyk T., Pardue B. A., Heckel S. P., Kallsen K. J. Engine air cleaner filtration performance –Theoretical and experimental background of testing. In Proceedings of the AFS Fourteenth Annual Technical Conference and 10. Exposition, Tampa, FL, USA, 1 May 2001.
10. Barbolini M., Di Pauli F., Traina M. Simulation der luftfiltration zur auslegung von filterelementen. MTZ – Motortechnische Zeitschrift, 2014, 5, pp. 52–57.
11. Barris M. A. Total Filtration™: The Influence of Filter Selection on Engine Wear, Emissions, and Performance. SAE Technical Paper 952557. Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition Toronto: Toronto, ON, Canada, Ontario, October 16–19, 1995.
12. Jaroszczyk T., Fallon S. L., Liu Z. G., Heckel S. P. Development of a Method to Measure Engine Air Cleaner Fractional Efficiency. SAE Trans, 1999, 108, pp. 9–18.
13. Alfadhli A., Alazemi A., Khorshid E. Numerical minimisation of abrasive-dust wear in internal combustion engines. International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, 2020, 14 (1), pp. 68–88.
14. Bojdo N., Filippone A. Effect of desert particulate composition on helicopter engine degradation rate, 40^th European Rotorcraft Forum, Southampton, Conference Paper. September 2014.
15. Long J., Tang M., Sun Z., Liang Y., Hu J. Dust Loading Performance of a Novel Submicro-Fiber Composite Filter Medium for Engine. Materials 2018. 11 (10). 2038.
16. Nagy J. Filtration and engine life. Combust. Engines, 1973, 3, pp. 43–47.
17. Wróblewski P., Koszalka G. An Experimental Study on Frictional Losses of Coated Piston Rings with Symmetric and Asymmetric Geometry. SAE Int. J. Engines, 2021, 14, pp. 853–866.
18. Dziubak T., Dziubak S. D. A Study on the Effect of Inlet Air Pollution on the Engine Component Wear and Operation. Energies 2022, 15, 1182.
19. Woś P., Michalski J. Effect of Initial Cylinder Liner Honing Surface Roughness on Aircraft Piston Engine Performances. Tribology Letters, 2011, 41 (3), pp. 555–567, doi:10.1007/s11249-010-9733-y.
20. Koszałka G., Suchecki A. Changes in performance and wear of small diesel engine during durability test // Combustion Engines 2015, 162 (3), pp. 34–40.
21. Wróblewski P., Rogólski R. Experimental Analysis of the Influence of the Application of TiN, TiAlN, CrN and DLC1 Coatings on the Friction Losses in an Aviation Internal Combustion Engine Intended for the Propulsion of Ultralight Aircraft. Materials 2021, 14, 6839.
22. Wróblewski P. Effect of asymmetric elliptical shapes of the sealing ring sliding surface on the main parameters of the oil film. Combustion Engines. 2017, 168 (1), pp. 84–93, doi: 10.19206/CE-2017-114.
23. Dziubak T. Experimental Studies of Dust Suction Irregularity from Multi-Cyclone Dust Collector of Two-Stage Air Filter. Energies 2021, 14 (12), 3577.
24. Rieger M., Hettkamp P., Löhl T., Madeira P. M. P. Effcient engine air filter for tight installation spaces. ATZ Heavy Duty Worldw, 2019, 02.
25. Dziubak T. Filtracja powietrza wlotowego do silników spalinowych pojazdów mechanicznych. WAT Warszawa 2012. (In Polish).
26. Filtracja i filtry w pojazdach. AUTO-Technika Motoryzacyjna, nr 4, 1998. (In Polish).
27. Motyliński S. Poradnik mechanika samochodowego. PWT, Warszawa 1955. (in Polish).
28. Kordziński C., Środulski T. Układy dolotowe silników spalinowych. WKiŁ, Warszawa 1968. (In Polish).
29. Enderich A., Handel R. Mündungsschallprognose mit der Finiten Elemente Methode. MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift 60 1999, 1.
30. Fleck S., Heim M., Beck A., Moser N., Durst M. Realitätsnahe Prüfung von Motoransaugluftfiltern. MTZ 2009, Jahrgang 70.
31. Materiały informacyjne firmy WIX Filtron. Gostyń 2012.
32. Dziubak T. Analiza procesu filtracji powietrza wlotowego do silników pojazdów specjalnych. WAT Warszawa 2008.
33. Dziubak T, Dziubak S. D. Experimental Study of Filtration Materials Used in the Car Air Intake. Materials 2020, 13 (16), 3498.
34. Dziubak T., Szwedkowicz S. Operating properties of non-woven fabric panel filters for internal combustion engine inlet air in single and two-stage filtration systems. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability 2015, 17 (4), pp. 519–527. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.17531/ ein.2015.4.6.
35. Teng G., Shi G., Zhu J., Qi J. (2023) A numerical simulation method for pressure drop and normal air velocity of pleated filters during dust loading. PLoS ONE 18 (2): e0282026.
36. Jung S., Jooyoun Kim J. Advanced Design of Fiber-Based Particulate Filters: Materials, Morphology, and Construction of Fibrous Assembly. Polymers 2020, 12, 1714, doi:10.3390/polym12081714.
37. Zhu M., et al. Electrospun Nanofibers Membranes for Effective Air Filtration. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2017, 302, 1600353.
38. Bai H., et al. Theoretical Model of Single Fiber Efficiency and the Effect of Microstructure on Fibrous Filtration Performance: A Review. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, 2021, 60, pp. 3–36.
39. Ardkapan S. R., Johnson M. S., Yazdi S., Afshari A., Bergsøe N. C. Filtration E_ciency of an Electrostatic Fibrous Filter: Studying Filtration Dependency on Ultrafine Particle Exposure and Composition. J. Aerosol Sci, 2014, 72, pp. 14–20.
40. Trautmann P. Durst M., Pelz A., Moser N. High Performance Nanofibre Coated Filter Media for Engine Intake Air Filtration. AFS 2005 Conference and Expo, April 10–13, 2005.
41. Bugli N. Automotive Engine Air Cleaners - Performance Trends. SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-1356.
42. Durst M., Klein G., Moser N. Filtration in Fahrzeugen, Mann+Hummel GMBH, Ludwigsburg, Germany 2005.
43. Erdmannsdörfer H. Lesttingmoglichkeiten von Papierfiltern zur Reinigung der Ansaugluft von Diselmotoren. MTZ 1971, 32, pp. 123–131.
44. Taufkirch G., Mayr G. Papierluftfilter für Motoren in Nutzfahrzeugen. MTZ 1984, 45 (3), pp. 95–105.
45. Gao J., et al. The Relationship between the Resistance Characteristics and Structural Parameters of the Elongated Filter Cartridge in the Dust Collector. Energy and Built Environment. Available online 1 April 2024.
46. Allam S., Elsaid A. M. Parametric study on vehicle fuel economy and optimization criteria of the pleated air filter designs to improve the performance of an I.C diesel engine: Experimental and CFD approaches. Separation and Purification Technology 2020,. 241, 116680.
47. Shi B., Yu X., Pu Y., Wang D. A theoretical study on the filtration efficiency and dust holding performance of pleated air filters. Heliyon 2023, 9, 7944. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17944.
48. Maddinenia A. K., Dasa D., Damodaran R. M. Numerical investigation of pressure and flow characteristics of pleated air filter system for automotive engine intake application. Separation and Purification Technology 2019, 212, pp. 126–134.
49. Kang S., Bock N., Swanson J., Pui D. Y. H. Characterization of pleated filter media using particle image velocimetry. Sep Purif Technol, 2020, 237, 116333.
50. Saleh A. M., Fotovati S., Vahedi Tafreshi H., Pourdeyhimi B. Modeling service life of pleated filters exposed to poly-dispersed aerosols. Powder Technol, 2014, 266, pp. 79–89.
51. Genuine PowerCore® Air Filter Technology. Available at https://www.donaldson.com/content/dam/ donaldson/engine-hydraulics-bulk/literature/north-america/air/f111632-eng/Genuine-PowerCore.pdf (accessed: 23 September 2024).
52. PowerCore®. Available at https://www.donaldson.com/pl-pl/engine/filters/products/air-intake/replacement-filters/powercore-filters/ (accessed: 23 September 2024).
53. Engine Air Filtration for Light, Medium, & Heavy Dust Conditions. Available at: https://www. donaldson.com/content/dam/donaldson/engine-hydraulics-bulk/catalogs/air-intake/north-america/F11002 7-ENG/Air-Intake-Systems-Product-Guide.pdf (accessed: 17 September 2022).
54. PowerCore® G2 and Ultra-Web® Filtration Technology. Available at: https://www.donaldsonaerospace-defense.com/library/files/documents/pdfs/059806.pdf (accessed: 23 September 2024).
55. PowerCore® G2 Filtration Technology for Engine Air Intake Systems. Available at: https://www. donaldson. com/content/dam/donaldson/engine-hydraulics-bulk/catalogs/air-intake/emea/f116005/Air-Intake-Product-Guide.pdf (accessed: 23 September 2024).
56. Fleetguard Direct Flow™. Available at: https://boschrexroth.africa/public/front_end/pdfs/products/d8743 1247a985c8500a37deb4796d719.pdf (accessed: 23 September 2024).
57. Mann+Hummel PicoFlex® The New Compact Air Cleaner for Highest Requirements. Available at: http://www.airnowsupply.com/BACKUP/catalogs/M+H%20PICOFLEX%20BROCHURE.PDF (accessed: 23 September 2024).
58. Baldwin’s Channel Flow Air Filters. Available at: https://www.baldwinfiltersrus.com/media/baldwin-filters-pdf/channel.pdf (accessed: 23 September 2024).
59. Nanofibres are nanoscale materials. Available at: https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1675-nanofibres-are-nanoscale-materials (accessed: 23 September 2024).
60. Graham K., Ouyang M., Raether T., Grafe T., Mc Donald B., Knauf P. Polymeric Nanofibers in Air Filtration Applications, 5^th Annual Technical Conference & Expo of the American Filtration & Separations Society, Galveston, Texas, April 9–12, 2002.
61. Kattamuri S. B., Potti L., Vinukonda A., Bandi V., Chagantipati S., Mogili R. K. Nanofibers In Pharmaceuticals – A Review. American Journal of PharmTech Research 2012, 2 (6). Available at: http://www.ajptr.com/.
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